Fire regimes and forest structure in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico

Autores/as

  • Peter Z. Fule Northern Arizona University
  • W. Wallace Covington Northern Arizona University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21829/abm41.1997.791

Resumen

El fuego frecuente de baja intensidad es un agente clave de disturbio en los bosques de pinos de hojas largas del occidente de Norteamérica; sin embargo, se conoce poco de la ecología del fuego en los bosques mexicanos que han sido menos afectados por la exclusión del fuego. Comparamos la secuencia de disturbio causado por fuego y la estructura forestal de cuatro sitios, poco o no explotados, que varían en su reciente historial de fuegos. Los frecuentes incendios de baja intensidad, que se presentaron periódicamente cada 4 a 5 años, si se toman en cuenta todos los incendios, y cada 6 a 9 años para el caso de los incendios extensos, caracterizaron todos los sitios hasta el inicio de la exclusión de fuego a mediados del siglo XX en tres de las cuatro parcelas de estudio. Aunque se considera que la mayoría de los incendios en el área son de origen humano, en los sitios de referencia se observaron evidencias de igniciones causadas tanto por las descargas eléctricas, como por el hombre. Una posible conexión entre la incidencia de los incendios y el clima quedó señalada por la correlación encontrada entre los años con incendios regionales y los extremos positivos del índice de oscilación meridional, asociados con condiciones de clima frío y seco. Las estructuras del ecosistema forestal diferían de acuerdo con los efectos del aclareo de árboles y del consumo de material combustible. Dos sitios con una larga exclusión de incendios se caracterizaron por masas relativamente densas de árboles más pequeños y jóvenes, altas cantidades de material combustible, y capas de humus más profundas. En contraste, tanto en la parcela que se quemó después de un período de exclusión de fuego de 29 años, como también en el último sitio donde los incendios frecuentes han continuado hasta el presente, se registraron bosques relativamente abiertos dominados por árboles más grandes y maduros. Las áreas de muestreo recientemente quemadas tenían menos material combustible, especialmente de madera podrida, y capas de humus menos profundas. La gran cantidad de renuevos en combinación con la baja densidad del estrato superior de los sitios recientemente quemados es también consistente con el efecto de aclareo de los incendios de poca intensidad. Las estrategias para la conservación y el manejo a largo plazo de estos bosques deben reconocer el papel histórico del disturbio causado por el fuego, así como el potencial de cambios en la intensidad de los incendios y los efectos ecológicos de una larga exclusión de fuego.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Alanís-Morales, H. 1996. Prescribed fire in the pine forests of northwestern Chihuahua. In: Ffolliott, P. F., L. F. DeBano, M. B. Baker, Jr., G. J. Gottfried, G. Solis-Garza, C. B. Edminster, D. F. Neary, L. S. Allen and R. H. Hamre (tech. coords.). Effects of fire on Madrean Province ecosystems. A symposium proceedings. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMGTR-289. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. pp. 193-194.

Allen, C. D., R. Touchan and T. W. Swetnam. 1995. Landscape-scale fire history studies support fire management action at Bandelier. Park Science 15(3):18-19.

Anonymous, 1994. National fire statistics. SARH (Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraúlicos). Presented at the Fifth Mexico/United States Symposium, Partnerships for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management. October 17-20, 1994. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

Arno, S. F. and K. M. Sneck. 1977. A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests of the Mountain West. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-42. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. 28 pp.

Arno, S. F., E. D. Reinhardt and J. H. Scott. 1993. Forest structure and landscape patterns in the subalpine lodgepole pine type: a procedure for quantifying past and present conditions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-294, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. 17 pp.

Arno, S. F., J. H. Scott and M. G. Hartwell. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/ Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-RP-481. Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, UT. 25 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68858

Baisan, C. H. and T. W. Swetnam. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 1559-1569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-208

Baisan, C. H. and T. W. Swetnam. 1995. Historical fire occurrence in remote mountains of southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. In: Brown, J. K., R. W. Mutch, C. W. Spoon and R. H. Wakimoto (tech. coors.). Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. pp. 153-156.

Barton, A. M. 1993. Factors controlling plant distributions: drought, competition, and fire in montane pines in Arizona. Ecological Monographs 63(4): 367-397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2937151

Biswell, H. H. 1972. Fire ecology in ponderosa pine--grassland. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 12: 69-96.

Bojórquez-Tapia, L. A., L. A. Peña, C. Alvarez, I. Azuara, M. Alquicira and A. Ramírez. 1995.

Conservation of Madrean Archipelago and regional forest development projects in Mexico. In: DeBano, L.F., and P.F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994. Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMGTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 206-213.

Brown, J. K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report INT-16. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. 24 pp.

Bye, R. 1995. Prominence of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the biological diversity of Mexico. In: DeBano, L.F., and P.F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994. Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMGTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 19- 27.

Chou, Y. H., R. A. Minnich and R. J. Dezzani. 1993. Do fire sizes differ between southern California and Baja California? Forest Science 39: 835-844.

Cooper, C. F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecology 42: 493-499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1932235

Conkle, M. T. and W. B. Critchfield. 1988. Genetic variation and hybridization of ponderosa pine. In: Baumgartner, D.M., and J.E. Lotan (eds.). Ponderosa Pine: The species and its management.

Symposium Proceedings, September 29-October 1, 1987, Spokane, WA. Washington State University. Pp. 27-44.

Covington, W. W. and M. M. Moore. 1994a. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure and resource conditions: changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry 92(1): 39-47.

Covington, W. W. and M. M. Moore. 1994b. Postsettlement changes in natural fire regimes: ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2: 153-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v02n01_07

Covington, W. W., R. L. Everett, R. W. Steele, L. I. Irwin, T. A. Daer and A. N. D. Auclair. 1994. Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the Inland West of the United States. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2: 13-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v02n01_02

Covington, W. W., P. Z. Fulé, M. M. Moore, S. C. Hart, T. E. Kolb, J. N. Mast, S. S. Sackett and M. R. Wagner. 1997. Restoration of ecosystem health in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry 95(4): 23-29.

Day, R. W. and G. P. Quinn. 1989. Comparisons of treatments after an analysis of variance in ecology. Ecological Monographs 59(4): 433-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1943075

DeBano, L. F., and P. F. Ffolliott. 1995. The sky island conference: looking back, looking ahead. In: DeBano, L.F., and P. F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994, Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMGTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2737/RM-GTR-264

Dieterich, J. H. 1983. Fire history of southwestern mixed conifer: a case study. Forest Ecology and Management 6: 13-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(83)90003-8

Dieterich, J. H. and T. W. Swetnam. 1984. Dendrochronology of a fire-scarred ponderosa pine. Forest Science 30: 238-247.

Felger, R. S. and M. F. Wilson. 1995. Northern Sierra Madre Occidental and its Apachian outliers: a neglected center of biodiversity. In: DeBano, L. F. and P. F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994, Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 36-59.

Fisher, J. T., P. A. Glass and J. T. Harrington. 1995. Temperate pines of northern Mexico: their use, abuse, and regeneration. In: DeBano, L. F. and P. F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994, Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 174-179.

Fulé, P. Z. and W. W. Covington. 1994. Fire regime disruption and pine-oak forest structure in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Restoration Ecology 2(4): 261-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1994.tb00058.x

Fulé, P. Z. and W. W. Covington. 1996. Changing fire regimes in Mexican pine forests: ecological and management implications. Journal of Forestry 94(10): 33-38.

Garrett, L. D., B. E. Fox and W. F. Stansfield. 1990. An assessment of Arizona’s timber resources and forest products industry. Report to the State of Arizona, Department of Commerce. On file at School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University. Flagstaff, AZ. 61 pp.

Gerhard, P. 1982. The north frontier of New Spain. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. 453 pp.

González-Cabán, A. and D. V. Sandberg. 1989. Fire management and research needs in Mexico. Journal of Forestry 87: 20-26.

González, M., S. González and Y. Herrera. 1991. Listados floristicos de México. IX. Flora de Durango. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F. 167 pp.

González, S., M. González and A. Cortés. 1993. Vegetación de la reserva de la biósfera “La Michilía,” Durango, México. Acta Botánica Mexicana 22: 1-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21829/abm22.1993.668

Grissino-Mayer, H. D. 1995. Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire history at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. PhD. Dissertation, University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ. 407 pp.

Grissino-Mayer, H. D. and R. L. Holmes. 1993. International Tree-Ring Data Bank Program Library. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ.

Grissino-Mayer, H. D., C. H. Baisan and T. W. Swetnam. 1994. Fire history and age structure analyses in the mixed conifer and spruce-fir forests of Mount Graham. Final Report, Mount Graham Red

Squirrel Study Committee, US Fish and Wildlife Service. Phoenix, AZ. 73 pp.

Grissino-Mayer, H. D., C. H. Baisan and T. W. Swetnam. 1995. Fire history in the Pinaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona: effects of human-related disturbances. In: DeBano, L. F. and P. F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994,

Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 399-407.

Guízar, E., A. Benítez and O. Bravo. 1992. La vegetación de la Unidad de Conservación y Desarrollo Forestal "Topia", Durango. División de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Chapingo, México. 42 pp.

Harlan, T. 1973. Tree-ring chronology 43964 (La Cienega, Durango, Mexico). Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ.

Holling, C. S. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62: 447-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2937313

Johnson, E. A. 1992. Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, New York. 129 pp.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623516

Kolb, T. E., M. R. Wagner and W. W. Covington. 1994. Concepts of forest health. Journal of Forestry 92: 10-15.

Leopold, A. 1937. Conservationist in Mexico. American Forests 37: 118-120, 146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(37)90876-6

Loock, E. E. M. 1950. The pines of Mexico and British Honduras. L.S. Gray and Company, Johannesburg, South Africa. 244 pp.

Lumholtz, C. 1902. Unknown Mexico. Scribner, New York, N. Y. Lundquist, J. E. 1995. Pest interactions and canopy gaps in ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills, south Dakota, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 74: 37-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)03514-W

Marshall, J. T. Jr. 1957. Birds of pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Pacific Coast Avifauna 32: 1-125.

Marshall, J. T. Jr. 1962. Land use and native birds of Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 2: 75-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/40025661

Martínez, M. 1948. Los pinos mexicanos. Segunda edición, aumentada considerablemente. Ediciones Botas. México, D.F. 361 pp.

Maser, C., R. G. Anderson, K. Cromack, Jr., J. T. Williams and R. E. Martin. 1979. Dead and down woody material. In: Wildlife habitats in managed forests--the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. USDA Agricultural Handbook 553. Washington, D.C. Pp. 78-95.

McCune, B. 1988. Ecological diversity in North American pines. American Journal of Botany 75(3): 353-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13450.x

Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219: 1287-1294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4590.1287

Minnich, R. A. 1993. Reconstruction and analysis of forest and brushland fire histories using aerial photograph sequences and geographic information systems. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual ESRI User Conference. Redlands, CA. Pp. 403-418.

Minnich, R. A., M. G. Barbour, J. H. Burk and R. F. Fernau. 1995. Sixty years of change in Californian conifer forests of the San Bernadino Mountains. Conservation Biology 9(4): 902-914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040902.x

Pennington, C. W. 1963. The Tarahumar of Mexico. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City, UT. 267 pp.

Pennington, C. W. 1969. The Tepehuan of Chihuahua: Their material culture. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City, UT. 413 pp.

Perry, J. P. Jr. 1991. The pines of Mexico and Central America. Timber Press, Portland. 231 pp.

Rodríguez, D. A. and A. Sierra. 1992. Bosquejo histórico sobre diversos aspectos de los incendios forestales en México. Ciencia Forestal en México 17: 115-174.

Rogers, J. J., J. M. Prosser, L. D. Garrett and M. G. Ryan. 1984. ECOSIM: A system for projecting multiresource outputs under alternative forest management regimes. USDA Forest Service, Administrative Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 167 pp.

Sánchez, J. and J. H. Dieterich. 1983. Efecto de quemas controladas en Pinus durangensis en Madera, Chihuahua. Nota Técnica No. 9. CIFONOR-INIF. S.F.F., S.A.R.H., México D.F. 9 pp.

Sánchez, J. and G. Zerecero. 1983. Método práctico para calcular la cantidad de combustible leñoso y hojarasca. Nota Técnica No. 3. CIFONOR-INIF. S.F.F., S.A.R.H., México D.F. 16 pp.

Stahle, D. W. and M. K. Cleaveland. 1993. Southern Oscillation extremes reconstructed from tree rings of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southern Great Plains. Journal of Climate 6: 129-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0129:SOERFT>2.0.CO;2

Stokes, M. A. and T. L. Smiley. 1968. An introduction to tree-ring dating. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 73 pp..

Swetnam, T. W. 1990. Fire history and climate in the southwestern United States. In: Krammes, J.S. (tech. coor.). Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources. Proceedings of the Symposium. November 15-17, 1988, Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-191, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 6-17.

Swetnam, T. W. and C. H. Baisan. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. In: Allen, C. D. (ed.). Proceedings of the 2nd La Mesa Fire Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 11-32.

Swetnam, T. W. and J. L. Betancourt. 1990. Fire--Southern Oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science 249: 1017-1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4972.1017

Swetnam, T. W. and J. H. Dieterich. 1985. Fire history of ponderosa pine forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico. In: Lotan, J. E., B. M. Kilgore, W. C. Fischer and R. W. Mutch (tech. coors.).

Proceedings--Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire. November 15-18, 1983, Missoula, MT. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-182, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. Pp. 390-397.

Tabachnick, B. G. and L. S. Fidell. 1983. Using Multivariate Statistics. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York, NY. 509 pp.

Thomas, J. W., R. G. Anderson, C. Maser and E. L. Bull. 1979. Snags. In: Wildlife habitats in managed forests--the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. USDA Agricultural Handbook 553. Washington, D.C. Pp. 60-77.

Toledo, V. M. and M. J. Ordóñez. 1993. The biodiversity scenario of Mexico: a review of terrestrial habitats. In: Ramamoorthy, T. P., et al. (eds). Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution. Oxford University Press. New York. Pp. 757-778.

Villanueva-Díaz, J. and G. R. McPherson. 1995. Forest stand structure in mountains of Sonora, Mexico, and New Mexico, USA. In: DeBano, L. F. and P. F. Ffolliott (tech. coors.). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. September, 19-23, 1994, Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Fort Collins, CO. Pp. 416-423.

Weaver, H. 1943. Fire as an ecological and silvicultural factor in the ponderosa pine region of the Pacific Slope. Journal of Forestry 41(1): 7-15.

Weaver, H. 1951. Fire as an ecological factor in the southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry 49: 93-98.

Weaver, T. 1993. Public and private policy making and forestry development in northern Mexico. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, March 11, 1993, San Antonio, TX.

Wilkinson, L. 1988. SYSTAT: The System for Statistics. SYSTAT Inc., Evanston, IL. Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 718 pp.

Descargas

Publicado

1997-10-01

Cómo citar

Fule, P. Z., & Covington, W. W. (1997). Fire regimes and forest structure in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana, (41), 43–79. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm41.1997.791
Metrics
Vistas/Descargas
  • Resumen
    649
  • PDF
    406

Número

Sección

Artículo de investigación

Métrica