Transporte de iones en vacuolas de plantas superiores en el contexto celular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/abm60.2002.902Palabras clave:
vacuola, transporte y homeostasis iónica, transducción de las señales, canales iónicos, patch-clamp, calcio intracelular, poliaminasResumen
La vacuola ocupa hasta 95% del volumen celular en las plantas superiores, es un reservorio de solutos y un organelo clave en el control de la concentración de Ca2+ y del pH intracelulares. El papel de la vacuola en la homeostasis iónica celular es también evidente en condiciones ambientales de falta de potasio y estrés salino. La vacuola central está involucrada en la regulación de la turgencia y el volumen celular en células especializadas como las estomáticas, constituyendo el principal componente del motor osmótico celular. Desde hace más de una década, la célula estomática ha ganado un status de modelo celular en plantas superiores, siendo extensamente estudiada mediante técnicas fisiológicas y de biología molecular y celular. A pesar del gran avance en el conocimiento de la transducción de señales en la membrana plasmática, el entendimiento de los mecanismos implicados en el transporte iónico en la membrana vacuolar continúa siendo un gran reto. Al igual que en la membrana plasmática, el transporte iónico en la membrana vacuolar o del tonoplasto, está dirigido y coordinado a través de un complejo sistema integrado por proteínas de transporte que incluye bombas (H+-ATPasa, pirofosfatasa, bomba de Ca2+), transportadores (antiportadores Na+/H+ y Ca2+/H+) y varios canales iónicos. En años recientes, con la aplicación de las técnicas modernas de electrofisiología (patch clamp), numerosos canales iónicos han sido caracterizados funcionalmente, aunque ninguno de ellos ha sido estructuralmente identificado. El trabajo de nuestro grupo se ha enfocado a la caracterización de los canales iónicos vacuolares lentos (SV) y los canales iónicos vacuolares rápidos (FV); estos canales tienen una amplia, si no es que ubicua, distribución en plantas superiores, se les encuentra en células troncales, en células diferenciadas de las hojas o de los tejidos de almacenamiento de las raíces. En este trabajo se discuten las características funcionales de estos canales en cuanto a selectividad iónica, mecanismos de compuerta dependientes de voltaje e influencia de cationes de importancia fisiológica (calcio, magnesio, protones, poliaminas), así como su posible papel fisiológico. Asimismo, se plantean los principales temas que están por resolverse. Particularmente, se analiza la participación de los canales aniónicos en la función de la vacuola como motor osmótico. Se sabe que el tonoplasto presenta una gran permeabilidad para varios aniones, sin embargo, los canales iónicos involucrados no han sido claramente identificados. El otro problema es la identificación de los canales activados por ligandos intracelulares. A pesar de que las células vegetales poseen receptores intracelulares para inositol 1,4,5 trifosfato (IP3) y adenosinadifosfatoribosa cíclica (cADPR), su ubicación celular no está definida. Por el momento no son confiables las evidencias que indican la existencia de canales iónicos vacuolares activados por estos factores.
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