Potentially harmful phytoplankton species in the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System, Gulf of Mexico: composition, richness, and cell density
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/abm133.2026.2620Keywords:
coastal ecosystems, coastal influence, phytoplankton assemblages, resident species, toxic potentialAbstract
Background and Aims: Coral reefs, such as those that make up the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System (SALT), are of great ecological and social importance. Among their main components, yet one of the least studied, is phytoplankton. Within this group, there are species—toxic or otherwise—that can cause harmful algal blooms with detrimental consequences for the socio-ecosystem. The objective of this study was to identify potentially harmful species, estimate their cell density, and characterize environmental conditions in the SALT during two periods of the year.
Methods: Sampling was conducted during the rainy season and the season of trade winds (2024-2025) in the six reefs of the SALT. Environmental variables were measured, water samples were collected from the surface and bottom layers, and phytoplankton net tows (64 µm) were performed. The composition, species richness, and cell density of non-toxigenic and toxigenic species were determined.
Key results: Thirty-two potentially harmful species were detected, of which 24 were non-toxigenic and eight were potentially toxigenic. Among the non-toxigenic harmful species, some were observed during both seasons, such as Tripos furca var. furca, Tripos fusus, Tripos muelleri, and Tripos dens. Among the species associated with toxin production, Dinophysis caudata, Prorocentrum lima, Pyrodinium bahamense, and genera such as Alexandrium and Pseudo-nitzschia stand out. Cell densities ranged from 59 cells/l to 422 cells/l, and the species with the highest cell density was Cylindrotheca closterium.
Conclusions: The Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System harbors a wealth of potentially harmful species that had not been previously recorded. However, due to their low cell densities, they were not detected in an algal bloom. The abundance of these harmful species remained stable throughout the observation year, suggesting that they are generalist species. Some taxa, such as Dinophysis caudata, Prorocentrum lima, Pyrodinium bahamense, Alexandrium, and Pseudo-nitzschia, are of concern and require monitoring given their toxigenic potential.
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